Culture & Lifestyle Reviewed 23 September 2026 23 min read

UAE Culture and Customs 2026/27 A Newcomer's Guide to Etiquette and Everyday Rules

The UAE is a welcoming place for newcomers, and most of what you need to know comes down to courtesy and respect. A small number of rules are different from what many new residents are used to, some carry significant penalties, and a few differ between the seven emirates.

Information current as at 23 September 2026. Next scheduled review: 5 January 2027.

Important notice

This guide provides general information only. It is not legal, medical, immigration or professional advice and must not be relied on as such. UAE laws, regulations, fees and official guidance change, sometimes without notice, and can differ between emirates. Always confirm the current position with the relevant UAE authority before acting, and take advice from a UAE-licensed lawyer on any matter with legal consequences. See the full legal notice at the end of this page and our Terms of Use.

Key points

  • Photographing or sharing images of other people without consent, and insulting anyone online, are offences under the UAE Cybercrime Law and can carry substantial penalties. Law
  • Rules differ by emirate. Sharjah does not permit alcohol and has its own public decency standards. Reported
  • Ramadan 2027 is expected to begin on Monday 8 February 2027, subject to the official moon sighting. Reported
  • Check any medicines against official UAE requirements before you travel. CBD products are not permitted. Official
  • Several older rules have changed since 2020, so check the date on any advice you read, including this guide.

How we source this guide

Law a named UAE federal or emirate law.
Official published guidance or announcements from a UAE government authority.
Reported consistent reporting by established UAE media or UAE law firms.
Practice etiquette and custom, offered as general guidance rather than a rule.

Penalty figures are given only where they appear in the text of the law as reported by UAE law firms. Where figures are not confirmed from such sources, we describe penalties in general terms and point you to the authority concerned.

This guide separates three things: what the law says, what official guidance recommends, and what is simply good manners. Where the position is not clearly set out in official sources, we say so and recommend the cautious course.

Foundations

1.The foundations

The UAE is a federation of seven emirates, established on 2 December 1971, each with its own ruler. Islam is the religion of the state and shapes the calendar, the working week, public holidays and many social norms. The UAE is also home to residents of more than 200 nationalities. Reported

Four values help explain much of daily life. Practice

Faith

Prayer times, Ramadan and Islamic holidays set the rhythm of the year. Non-Muslims are not expected to take part, only to be respectful.

Family

Family is central to Emirati life. Friendly questions about your family are a normal part of getting to know someone.

Hospitality

Arabic coffee (gahwa) and dates are offered to guests as a matter of honour.

Privacy and reputation

A person's dignity and privacy are protected socially and in law. This is the area newcomers most often underestimate (see Section 8).

The legal framework in brief

The UAE has a codified legal system. Key federal laws for residents include the Crimes and Penalties Law (Federal Decree-Law No. 31 of 2021) and the law on Combating Rumours and Cybercrimes (Federal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021). Law Individual emirates also regulate certain matters, such as alcohol, so the answer to "is this allowed?" can depend on where you are.

The seven emirates

2.How the emirates compare

This table summarises commonly reported differences. It is a general overview only; check with the relevant emirate authority for your circumstances.

Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Ras Al Khaimah Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah
Alcohol Licensed venues and licensed retailers; minimum age 21 Reported Licensed venues and retailers; minimum age 21 Reported Not permitted Reported Licensed venues; minimum age for sale and service 18 from 1 January 2026 Reported Licensed venues, more limited availability; minimum age 21 Reported
Dress Modest in public; resort areas more relaxed Modest in public; resort areas more relaxed Stricter decency standards Reported Modest in public More conservative outside hotels
Government working week Monday to Friday, Friday a shorter day Reported Monday to Friday, Friday a shorter day Reported Monday to Thursday; Friday to Sunday weekend Reported As federal As federal

Travelling between emirates

Carrying alcohol into or through an emirate where it is not permitted is reported to be illegal. If you live in Sharjah or travel through it, plan accordingly. Reported For choosing where to live, see our Housing Guide.

Daily interactions

3.Greetings, names and body language

All of the following is general etiquette guidance. Practice

Greetings

  • Take your time. Greetings often include polite questions about health and family before business begins.
  • As-salamu alaykum — The traditional Islamic greeting meaning "peace be upon you." Reply: Wa alaykum as-salam
  • Handshakes are common — But wait for the other person to extend their hand first. Some Muslims may not shake hands across genders for religious reasons. A hand over the heart with a slight nod is the respectful alternative.
  • Use titles and formality — Address Emiratis with "Sheikh" (male) or "Sheikha" (female) for royalty; otherwise "Mr./Mrs." followed by their first name. Use "Haj" or "Hajja" for those who have completed pilgrimage.
  • Cheek-to-cheek greeting (men only) — Close Emirati men may touch noses or kiss cheeks briefly. This is a sign of friendship and respect among locals — not expected of expats.

Gestures & Body Language

  • Use your right hand. Use it to eat, pass items, hand over business cards and receive gifts or coffee.
  • Avoid pointing the soles of your feet — at someone, for example by resting an ankle on your knee in a majlis.
  • Beckon with the whole hand — palm down, rather than a crooked finger.
  • Remove shoes — before entering a mosque prayer area, and follow your host's lead at home.
  • Avoid staring — particularly at women.
  • Compliments — When admiring someone's children or achievements, many people add mashallah ("God has willed it").

Names and titles

  • Sheikh and Sheikha are titles for members of ruling families and certain other families. Use them only where they apply.
  • In everyday and business settings, follow how the person introduces themselves. "Mr" or "Ms" with the first name, or a professional title such as Dr, is common.
What to wear

4.What to wear, where

Women are not required to cover their hair in daily life in the UAE; a head covering is required when entering a mosque. Practice The general standard in public places is modest: shoulders and knees covered, and nothing sheer, very tight or revealing. Venues, malls and emirates may set their own dress codes, and security staff may ask visitors to comply. Always follow such requests. Reported

Setting General guidance
Malls, souks, public transport Shoulders and knees covered; avoid sheer or very tight clothing; men should not be bare-chested
Government offices, courts, hospitals Conservative dress: sleeves, long trousers or long skirts
Beaches and pools Swimwear at the beach or pool only; cover up when leaving; topless sunbathing is not permitted Reported
Hotels and restaurants Follow the venue's own dress code
Clothing with slogans or images Avoid anything offensive or with religious or political references
Sharjah Dress conservatively at all times in public

Traditional dress

Emirati men often wear the kandura (long robe) with a ghutra (headcloth) and agal (cord). Emirati women often wear the abaya and shayla. Newcomers are not expected to wear traditional dress, and wearing it as a costume is best avoided. Practice

Visiting Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi

As reported in September 2026, following changes published by the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque Centre: Reported

  • Entry fees now apply to visitors: AED 5 for Emirates ID holders, AED 10 for tourists and AED 8 through tour operators. Entry remains free for worshippers, visitors aged 60 and over, children under three and people of determination. Tickets can be booked through the Centre's official website.
  • Free guided cultural tours continue.
  • Abayas are no longer lent to visitors, so arrive dressed appropriately. Suitable clothing can be purchased near the mosque.
  • Dress: women must cover their hair and wear loose, ankle-length clothing covering the arms; men must wear long trousers to the ankle and sleeved tops.
  • Hours: 9am to 8.30pm Saturday to Thursday; Fridays 9am to 11.30am and 2.30pm to 8.30pm.

Fees, hours and rules may change, including during Ramadan. Check szgmc.gov.ae before you visit.

In Dubai, the Sheikh Mohammed Centre for Cultural Understanding offers cultural programmes for newcomers. Check its website for its current programme.

Ramadan 2027

5.Ramadan 2027

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Muslims who are able to fast abstain from food, drink and smoking from dawn to sunset. It is a month of prayer, reflection, charity and community. The UAE follows the official announcement of the moon-sighting committee, and because the Islamic year is shorter than the Gregorian year, Ramadan arrives around 11 days earlier each year. Official

Expected dates (subject to official moon sighting)

Event Expected date Source
First day of Ramadan Monday 8 February 2027 Astronomical calculations reported by UAE media Reported
Eid Al Fitr Tuesday 9 or Wednesday 10 March 2027 Reported
Eid Al Fitr public holiday Expected 9 to 11 March, or to 12 March if Ramadan lasts 30 days Reported

These are planning dates only. Official dates are announced by UAE authorities, usually the evening before. Do not make non-refundable plans on the basis of expected dates.

What changes

  • Private sector working hours: for Ramadan 2026, MOHRE announced a reduction of two hours per day for private sector employees, with flexible or remote arrangements permitted within those hours. Official The 2027 arrangements will be announced separately. Check with your employer.
  • Government hours are announced each year. Official
  • Schools typically adjust their hours. See our UAE School Holiday Calendar 2026/27 and your school's own announcements.
  • Evenings become busier, with iftar (the sunset meal) and suhoor (the pre-dawn meal). Many malls and restaurants extend their hours. Reported
  • Traffic is often heavy in the hour before sunset. Practice

Eating, drinking and smoking in public during fasting hours

Non-Muslims are not required to fast. Many restaurants and cafes operate during the day, and the official UAE government portal notes that non-Muslims can find dining options in designated areas. Official Reported

However, official and widely published guidance is clear that people should not eat, drink, smoke or chew gum in public places during fasting hours, and past legislation made this an offence. The treatment of this conduct under current legislation is not clearly set out in official sources, so the cautious course is to treat it as prohibited. Reported

In practice: eat and drink at home, inside restaurants and in designated areas; do not eat or drink in the street, on public transport, in a vehicle where you can be seen, or in front of people who are fasting.

Ramadan etiquette

Greet people with "Ramadan Kareem" or "Ramadan Mubarak". Official
If invited to iftar, arrive on time; the fast breaks at sunset. Practice
Dress more conservatively than usual. Practice
Keep music low and avoid confrontation in public. Practice
Avoid scheduling daytime meals with colleagues who may be fasting, and never ask someone why they are not fasting. Practice
Give only through licensed channels. See "Fundraising and donations" in Section 8. Law
Public holidays

6.Public holidays, national days and official mourning

2026/27 calendar

Date Occasion Status
30 November 2026 Commemoration Day Observed nationally; not a separate public holiday in recent official holiday calendars Reported
Wednesday 2 and Thursday 3 December 2026 Eid Al Etihad (National Day) Public holiday Reported
Friday 1 January 2027 New Year's Day Public holiday Reported
Expected 8 February 2027 Start of Ramadan Subject to moon sighting Reported
Expected 9 to 11 or 12 March 2027 Eid Al Fitr Subject to moon sighting Reported
Expected 15 to 18 May 2027 Arafat Day and Eid Al Adha Subject to moon sighting Reported
Expected 6 June 2027 Islamic New Year Subject to moon sighting Reported
Expected 14 August 2027 Prophet Muhammad's Birthday Subject to moon sighting Reported
2 and 3 December 2027 Eid Al Etihad Expected public holiday Reported

Under the UAE's public holidays resolution, the Cabinet can move certain holidays to the start or end of the week. Reported Always rely on the official announcement nearer the date. For events, see our Dubai Events 2026 and Abu Dhabi Events 2026 guides.

Greetings. "Eid Mubarak" is the standard greeting at both Eids. Practice

Official mourning periods

When a senior figure passes away, an official mourning period may be declared at federal or emirate level. Most recently, the Ruler's Court of Dubai declared ten days of official mourning from 21 September 2026 following the passing of the late Sheikh Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Reported

During mourning periods, flags are flown at half-mast, broadcasters adjust their programming, and entertainment and official events may be cancelled or postponed. Any suspension of government work is set out in each announcement. Reported

General guidance: be mindful of the tone of your social media posts, check whether events you have booked are proceeding, and follow official announcements. Practice

Food & social

7.Dining, hospitality and the majlis

Visiting an Emirati home or majlis

Practice

  • The majlis is where guests are received. Stand when an older person or senior guest enters, and sit where your host indicates.
  • Arabic coffee is served in small cups. Accept with your right hand. When you have had enough, gently shake the cup from side to side as you return it.
  • Wait for your host to begin eating, and use your right hand.
  • A small gift such as dates or chocolates is appreciated. Do not bring alcohol or pork products to a Muslim household.

Hosting Muslim guests

Practice

Serve halal meat, keep it separate from any pork, avoid alcohol in cooking, and ask about dietary requirements as you would for any guest.

Alcohol

The following is a general summary of reported rules and is not a statement of the law. Confirm the current position with the relevant emirate authority or licensed retailer. Reported

  • Alcohol may only be purchased and consumed by non-Muslims of the minimum legal age, in licensed venues or in private residences where purchased from a licensed retailer.
  • The minimum age is 21 in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and most emirates. Ras Al Khaimah set its minimum age for sale and service at 18 from 1 January 2026 under a circular of its Tourism Development Authority.
  • Dubai: the alcohol licence has been free since January 2023. Reports differ on whether a personal licence is still required for retail purchase. The cautious course for residents is to obtain the free licence through a licensed retailer.
  • Sharjah does not permit alcohol.
  • Drinking in public places and public intoxication are offences.
  • Do not drive after drinking any alcohol. Driving under the influence is a serious criminal offence carrying heavy penalties, including possible imprisonment and licence suspension. See our Driving and Vehicle Guide.
  • For duty-free allowances, check the current rules of the relevant customs authority before you travel.

Emirati food to try

Practice

Machboos

Spiced rice with meat or fish

Harees

Slow-cooked wheat and meat

Luqaimat

Fried dumplings with date syrup

Balaleet

Sweet vermicelli with egg

Karak chai

Spiced milk tea

Everyday rules

8.Everyday rules newcomers should know

This section summarises selected laws in general terms. It is not legal advice and is not a complete statement of any law. Laws are applied to the facts of each case by the UAE authorities and courts. If you have a concern about any matter below, take advice from a UAE-licensed lawyer.

Photographing and filming people Law

Article 44 of Federal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021 makes it an offence to use technology, with the intent of infringing a person's privacy and without their consent, to photograph others in any public or private place, or to share, copy or keep such images, among other conduct. The penalty set out in the law is imprisonment of at least six months and/or a fine of AED 150,000 to AED 500,000. Sharing images of accident victims is also covered. Law Reported

General guidance: do not photograph, film or post identifiable people without their consent. Do not photograph government, military or other restricted sites.

Insulting or defaming people online Law

Article 43 of the same law makes it an offence to insult another person, or attribute to them something that may expose them to punishment or contempt, using an information network. The penalty set out in the law is imprisonment and/or a fine of AED 250,000 to AED 500,000. This can include messaging apps, comments and reviews. Law Reported

Insults and defamation in person are separately covered by the Crimes and Penalties Law. Law

General guidance: do not post or send insulting or accusatory content about any person or business. Raise complaints directly with the business or through official channels.

Content about the state, religion and public order Law

UAE law prohibits publishing content that insults the state, its symbols, its leaders or religions, or that threatens public order. This extends to online posts, reposts and messages. Law General guidance: do not post or share such content.

Fundraising and donations Law

Under Federal Law No. 3 of 2021 on the Regulation of Donations, fundraising requires a permit from the competent authority, and individuals may not collect donations from the public. Promoting unlicensed donations online is separately an offence under Article 46 of the Cybercrime Law. Law Reported General guidance: give only through officially licensed organisations, and do not collect money for any cause, including for a colleague or on social media, without confirming it is permitted.

Medicines and controlled substances Official

Some medicines that are available at home are controlled in the UAE and may need prior approval. The Emirates Drug Establishment operates a permit service for importing medicines for personal use. CBD and cannabis-derived products are not permitted. Official Reported

General guidance: before you travel, check each medicine against the official lists and permit requirements, carry your prescription and supporting medical documents, and consult a doctor about any medicine you are unsure of. Do not rely on this guide for this purpose.

Public decency and conduct Reported

Public displays of affection, offensive gestures, and loud or aggressive behaviour in public can lead to complaints and legal action. General guidance: keep physical affection private and remain calm in public, including when driving.

Public transport and municipal rules Official

Dubai Metro has cabins reserved for women and children and for Gold Class ticket holders, and prohibits eating and drinking past the fare gates. Fines apply for breaches. Official Municipal rules in Dubai and Abu Dhabi restrict the misuse of balconies and building exteriors, such as hanging laundry in view. Reported Check the RTA and your local municipality for current rules.

Internet use Reported

Using technology, including VPNs, to commit an offence or to access prohibited services can itself be an offence. General guidance: follow the rules of your internet provider and the Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority.

If you need help

If you are involved in any legal matter, contact your embassy or consulate and a UAE-licensed lawyer as early as possible.

Common pitfalls

9.Mistakes newcomers make most often

Sending money or vouching for a friend's debt

Guaranteeing a loan or transferring money for someone you do not fully trust can leave you liable. Keep financial matters formal and documented.

Posting a complaint about a company online

Write reviews carefully. Accusatory or insulting posts can expose you to a defamation case — raise disputes through official channels instead.

Offhand comments on a personal call or message

Assume nothing is private. Messages, calls and posts can form part of a case.

Assuming "it's fine at home, so it's fine here"

Rules on photography, alcohol, medicines and online speech differ significantly. Check before you act.

Driving without understanding the rules

Fines are steep and strict, and drink driving has serious criminal consequences. See our Driving and Vehicle Guide.

Ignoring official notices and deadlines

Visa, Emirates ID, tenancy and utility deadlines lead to fines. Keep on top of them.

The one rule to remember

If you are unsure whether something is permitted, do not do it until you have checked. A two-minute search or a question to your employer, your landlord or a licensed adviser can save you a great deal of trouble.

Relationships & family

9.Relationships and family life

The following is a general summary. Family and personal status matters depend on individual circumstances, nationality and religion. Take advice from a UAE-licensed lawyer before relying on any of it.

  • Cohabitation. Reforms from November 2020 decriminalised consensual relationships between unmarried adults, and the Crimes and Penalties Law that took effect in January 2022 reflects this. Law Reported
  • Children born to unmarried parents. The Crimes and Penalties Law contains specific provisions requiring unmarried parents to take steps to formally recognise and document the child. Anyone in this situation should take legal advice early. Law Reported
  • Existing marriages. Relationships involving a person married to someone else remain subject to legal action on the complaint of a spouse or guardian. Law Reported
  • Marriage and family law for non-Muslims. Civil personal status frameworks exist at federal level and in Abu Dhabi. Law Reported
  • Residence sponsorship of a partner depends on your relationship being recognised under UAE law. See our Visa Requirements Guide and check with the ICP or GDRFA.
  • Recognition of relationships. The UAE recognises marriage as defined under UAE law. Anyone whose relationship or family structure may not be recognised in the UAE should take confidential advice from a UAE-licensed lawyer before relocating.

Men, women and personal space

Practice

  • Let women lead on handshakes, and avoid physical contact with people of the opposite sex you do not know well.
  • Respect women-only spaces, including the women and children cabin on the Dubai Metro and women-only facilities, queues and hours. Official
  • Men should not photograph women they do not know, and should avoid approaching women they do not know in public.
The workplace

10.The workplace

The working week

Sector General position
Federal government Monday to Friday, with a shorter Friday; Saturday and Sunday weekend Reported
Sharjah government Monday to Thursday; Friday to Sunday weekend Reported
Private sector Set by each employer within the Labour Law, which provides for up to 8 hours a day or 48 hours a week as standard working time Law

Friday prayers

Since 2 January 2026, the Friday sermon and prayer take place at 12.45pm at mosques across the UAE, as announced by the General Authority of Islamic Affairs, Endowments and Zakat. Official Reported Many schools and offices finish earlier on Fridays, and roads near mosques are busy around this time.

Professional etiquette

Practice

  • Relationships matter. Taking time to get to know counterparts, often over coffee, is common before business is concluded.
  • Seniority matters. Greet the most senior person first and follow the organisation's approval process.
  • Confirm arrangements the day before, and allow buffer time in your schedule.
  • Handle disagreement privately and courteously. Public criticism of a colleague is best avoided in any workplace.
  • Integrity. Never offer or accept anything that could be seen as an improper inducement. Bribery is a serious criminal offence in the UAE. Law
  • Business cards and documents are handed over and received with the right hand.
  • Dress to your sector's standard; if unsure, dress more formally.

For business setup and employment questions, see our guides library.

Language

11.Twelve useful Arabic words and phrases

Practice

Arabic Meaning Use
As-salamu alaykum Peace be upon you Greeting
Wa alaykum as-salam And upon you peace Reply
Shukran Thank you Everywhere
Afwan You're welcome Reply to thanks
Min fadlak / min fadlik Please (to a man / to a woman) Requests
Inshallah God willing Future plans
Mashallah God has willed it Admiring achievements or children
Mabrook Congratulations Celebrations
Yalla Let's go Informal
Khalas Finished, enough Informal
Ramadan Kareem Generous Ramadan During Ramadan
Eid Mubarak Blessed Eid During Eid
Quick reference

12.Quick reference

Good practice

  1. Use your right hand for eating, passing items and business cards.
  2. Let the other person lead on handshakes across genders.
  3. Dress modestly in public places, and conservatively in Sharjah.
  4. Ask before photographing any person.
  5. Raise complaints privately or through official channels.
  6. Check medicines against official requirements before travelling.
  7. Accept Arabic coffee with your right hand.
  8. Stand when an elder or senior guest enters.
  9. Use "Ramadan Kareem" and "Eid Mubarak" at the right times.
  10. Give only through licensed organisations.
  11. Never drive after drinking any alcohol.
  12. Check official announcements for holidays and mourning periods.

Avoid

  1. Photographing, filming or posting identifiable people without consent.
  2. Insulting anyone, online or in person.
  3. Bringing CBD products into the UAE.
  4. Drinking alcohol in public, or carrying it where it is not permitted.
  5. Eating, drinking or smoking in public during Ramadan fasting hours.
  6. Posting or sharing content about the state, its leaders or religion that could be seen as offensive.
  7. Public displays of affection.
  8. Pointing the soles of your feet at someone.
  9. Entering women-only spaces as a man.
  10. Clothing with offensive words or images.
  11. Collecting money for any cause without confirming it is permitted.
  12. Assuming a rule is the same in every emirate.
Quick Reference

Cultural Dos & Don'ts — Quick Reference

Print this, save it, share it. The essential UAE cultural cheat sheet for everyday situations.

Always Do

  • Greet with "As-salamu alaykum"
  • Use your right hand for eating & handshakes
  • Dress modestly — cover shoulders & knees
  • Remove shoes when entering mosques & homes
  • Accept Arabic coffee — it's an honor
  • Stand when someone older or senior enters
  • Ask before photographing people
  • Say "Ramadan Kareem" during Ramadan
  • Be patient — "Inshallah" is part of life
  • Build personal relationships before business

Never Do

  • Eat, drink, or smoke in public during Ramadan daylight hours
  • Show public displays of affection — even holding hands is risky
  • Use your left hand for eating or giving items
  • Point the soles of your feet at anyone
  • Swear, use rude gestures, or lose your temper
  • Criticize the government, religion, or ruling families
  • Photograph people (especially Emirati women) without permission
  • Drink alcohol or appear drunk in public
  • Wear revealing clothing in malls or public areas
  • Assume Western norms apply — they don't always
🇦🇪

When in Doubt, Observe and Respect

Emiratis are understanding of cultural differences and rarely expect expats to know everything. If you make a genuine mistake, a sincere apology is usually accepted. The effort to learn and respect the culture is what matters most.

Continue Learning

Ready to Dive Deeper into UAE Life?

Now that you understand the culture, explore our practical guides on everything from visas and housing to schools and banking — all designed to make your UAE relocation smooth and successful.

Transparency

Sources, how we label information and disclaimer

We use tags throughout this guide so you can see how dependable each statement is.

Law

A requirement or prohibition stated in UAE legislation, with the instrument named.

Official

Information from a UAE government source, such as a ministry, authority or official portal.

Reported

Information we have found in credible media reporting or announcements but which we have not been able to confirm directly against a primary official source.

Practice

Etiquette and good manners rather than law. Helpful and appreciated, but not legally required.

Check

A detail that can change. Confirm it with the named authority before you rely on it.

Advice disclaimer

This guide is general information about culture and customs for newcomers to the UAE. It is not legal advice, it does not cover every rule that may apply to you, and it does not replace the advice of a qualified professional.

Laws, fees, timings and policies change. Always check the current position with the relevant UAE authority, or a UAE-licensed lawyer, before acting.

Where an item is marked Reported, it has not been confirmed against a primary official source.

Last reviewed: September 2026. Details that change often, such as dates, fees, working hours and minimum ages, will be reviewed before Ramadan 2027 and before the 2027 National Day period.